Islam's Preservation Paradox
Unchangeable Words, Corrupted Scriptures?
Introduction
Islamic theology makes three foundational claims: (1) Islam is the final and perfected religion, (2) God’s words cannot be changed, and (3) previous revelations like the Torah and Gospel were corrupted. At face value, these positions appear coherent. But under scrutiny, they create a deep internal contradiction.
This article examines the logical inconsistency between the Qur’anic claim of divine preservation and the Hadith-based claim of Torah and Gospel corruption, exposing a core tension within Islamic doctrine.
1. The Core Doctrinal Claims
Claim 1: Islam is the Final and Perfect Religion
"This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as your religion." (Qur’an 5:3)
Islam is declared the final divine message, superseding all previous revelations.
Claim 2: God’s Words Are Unchangeable
"None can change His words." (Qur’an 6:115) "There is no changing His words." (Qur’an 18:27)
This promise of incorruptibility supposedly applies not just to the Qur’an, but to all divine revelation.
Claim 3: The Torah and Gospel Were Corrupted
"The Jews brought to the Prophet a man and a woman who had committed adultery. He said to them, 'What do you find in the Torah?'... They brought the Torah and pointed to a verse, covering the part about stoning." (Sahih Bukhari 9.93.629)
This and other hadiths suggest that the Jews and Christians altered their scriptures, either hiding or changing God's law.
2. The Contradiction Laid Bare
These three claims cannot all be true at once:
Claim | Resulting Contradiction |
---|---|
The Torah and Gospel are God's word | Then they cannot be corrupted (6:115) |
God's word cannot be changed | Then hadiths claiming corruption must be false |
Hadiths say the earlier books were altered | Then Qur'an 6:115 is false or not universally true |
The Qur'an repeatedly affirms that previous scriptures were valid at the time of Muhammad:
5:47: "Let the People of the Gospel judge by what Allah has revealed therein."
5:68: "Stand fast by the Torah and the Gospel."
10:94: "If you are in doubt... ask those who read the Book before you."
If these scriptures were corrupted, such commands are nonsensical.
3. Is Textual Corruption in the Qur'an?
Short answer: No.
The Qur'an never explicitly states that the Torah or Gospel texts were altered. Verses often cited (e.g., 2:75, 2:79, 4:46, 5:13) use the term yuḥarrifūna (“they distort”), which classical commentators like al-Tabari and Ibn Kathir interpreted as interpretive distortion, not textual corruption.
The Qur'an describes the Torah and Gospel as:
"Sent down" (anzala) by God (3:3)
Still in the possession of Jews and Christians (5:43, 5:47)
Reliable enough to be used as a reference in Muhammad’s time (10:94)
4. Elevating Hadith Above the Qur'an?
If the Qur'an affirms the Torah and Gospel but later hadiths say they were corrupted, and the two sources contradict each other, the question becomes: Which takes precedence?
Elevating hadith undermines the Qur'an’s claim of textual preservation.
Elevating the Qur'an forces one to discard or reinterpret the hadiths.
Theological orthodoxy tries to hold both, creating logical incoherence.
5. Apologetic Evasions and Their Failures
To reconcile this, modern Muslim apologists propose several theories:
"Original scriptures lost": Contradicted by 5:47 and 10:94, which refer to existing texts.
"Partial corruption": Arbitrary; allows selective acceptance of verses.
"Only misinterpretation, not corruption": Contradicts mainstream Sunni doctrine post-Ibn Hazm.
"Gospels ≠ Injil": Invents a lost text without historical or textual evidence.
Each strategy fails under logical and textual scrutiny.
Conclusion: A Theological No-Win Scenario
Islamic theology is caught in a preservation paradox:
If God’s words cannot be altered, then the Torah and Gospel must have been preserved. If they were corrupted, then God’s words can be altered, contradicting the Qur'an.
To resolve this, either:
The Qur'an is wrong about divine preservation,
Or the Hadiths and classical scholars are wrong about scriptural corruption,
Or both were retrofit to accommodate polemical needs, not logical consistency.
Either way, the doctrine cannot logically sustain all three claims.