Question:

From non-Islamic sources, can we name one true follower of Jesus between 40 AD and 600 AD who would be seen as a Muslim, as Islam defines it?

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Short, Direct Answer:

No—there is not a single documented follower of Jesus between 40 AD and 600 AD, from any non-Islamic source, who would be recognized as a Muslim (i.e., someone who believes in the oneness of God, rejects Jesus' divinity, denies the crucifixion, and follows Muhammad’s prophethood).

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Why?

1. Islam Did Not Exist Yet

• Islam as a system of belief, with its articles of faith, Sharia, Quran, and Hadith, did not exist until the 7th century.

• The word "Muslim" in the Islamic sense refers to submission to Allah through the message of Muhammad, and Muhammad wasn't born until ~570 AD.

So no one before Muhammad could possibly be a Muslim in the full doctrinal sense.

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2. No Records of Islamic Belief in Christian Sects Before Islam

There were many Christian sects (e.g., Ebionites, Arians, Nazarenes, Monarchians) between 40–600 AD, but none held to all the core Islamic beliefs:

• None denied the crucifixion in the way Islam does (Quran 4:157)

• None believed in a final prophet after Jesus

• None affirmed the Quran or Mecca

• None rejected all of Paul’s writings while affirming Muhammad

Some groups (like the Ebionites) held partial similarities:

• They denied Jesus’ full divinity

• They practiced Torah

• They rejected Paul

But they still accepted Jesus as Messiah, followed his teachings, and did not accept Muhammad, Mecca, or the Quran.

So they were not Muslims—not even close in doctrinal terms.

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3. Earliest Islamic Sources Themselves Don't Mention Any “Muslim” Christians

• The Quran, Hadith, and Sira do not identify any followers of Jesus by name between 40–600 AD who were Muslims.

• Islam claims that the original followers of Jesus were Muslims, but gives no names, no dates, no locations, and no evidence.

So this is a pure assertion without historical support.

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Final Logical Conclusion:

There is zero evidence, from any non-Islamic source, that any follower of Jesus from 40 AD to 600 AD was a Muslim, by any meaningful doctrinal definition of Islam.

Anyone who says otherwise must produce evidence, not just make claims.

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Confidence: Absolute
Sources:

• Church Fathers (e.g., Irenaeus, Justin Martyr, Eusebius)

• Early Christian sectarian records

• No mention in Jewish, Roman, or Christian sources of any such individual

• Absence of Islamic terms or theology prior to Muhammad